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What does the prefix "dys-" typically indicate?

  1. normal

  2. difficult or painful

  3. excessive

  4. without

The correct answer is: difficult or painful

The prefix "dys-" is derived from Greek and is commonly used in medical terminology to denote something that is difficult, painful, abnormal, or impaired. It indicates a negative alteration in function or condition. For instance, the term "dysfunction" refers to the impaired or abnormal functioning of a particular organ or system, while "dyspnea" describes difficulty in breathing. Understanding this prefix is essential as it helps healthcare professionals accurately describe a patient's condition and enables effective communication regarding their health issues. The other choices do not accurately represent the meaning of "dys-": "normal" suggests a standard or typical state, "excessive" implies an overabundance, and "without" denotes absence—none of which align with the distress or difficulty conveyed by "dys-."